Very Superstitious

My Mother Always had Some Strange Superstitions…

You never passed the salt without putting it down on the table first. If you dropped the tea towel accidentally, it meant we would have a strange visitor. If you could hook something on the moon, it meant bad weather was coming. And you never pass someone on the stairs.

Was this insanity or was there truth to these bizarre attempts to avoid bad luck? And where did such superstitions come from, anyway?

Salarium Argentum…

Salt. So, we sprinkle it on French fries what’s so special about it?

Well, salt has been one of the world’s major commodities for a very long time. The Romans even paid their workers with the mineral — Salarium Argentum. It’s where we get the word salary. You wouldn’t think it would come up much, but in the bible alone there are over 30 references to salt.

Let your speech always be with grace, seasoned with salt, that you may know how you ought to answer each one.

- Colossians 4:6

In Christianity, salt represented anything from loyalty to purification. It’s understandable that such a seasoning signified some serious sentiment (that’s what we call alliteration!).

However, there was more to it than that. The belief is that an angel sat on the right shoulder of any person — guiding them in the direction of wholesomeness. On the left shoulder sat the devil — goading sweet wickedness into the ears of unsuspecting individuals (think Kronk from The Emperor’s New Groove).

When someone spilled salt — a sin due to how important and pricey it was — a smidge of it thrown over the left shoulder would blind the devil.

Seven Years Bad Luck…

Many of us have been there — we buy a new mirror and begin hanging it on the wall only for someone to poke their head around the corner (almost making you drop it in the process…) and say, “Don’t drop that! You’ll have seven years of bad luck!”.

You roll your eyes. What nonsense! If you drop the mirror, what you’ll have is hundreds of little mirrors…

To the ancient Romans, a mirror was an uncanny reflection of one’s self — a perfect imitation of the soul gazing back. In this way, it’s easy to understand that a crack or break in the mirror would represent the individual’s imminent demise.

To the Romans, illness or ill fate had an expiration date of, you guessed it, seven years! However, all was not hopeless. To break the strange seven-year curse, simply bury the broken mirror on the night of a full moon.

Son of Greek God Cephisus and the Nymph Liriope, Narcissus — honoured for his beauty — died wasting away in front of his own reflection (talk about needing a hobby). It is possible that the Roman belief of mirrors holding bad luck stemmed from this mythos.

But the universe handed Narcissus a bad reputation. As the myth goes, a seer told his mother that Narcissus would live a good long life if he never recognized himself. After rejecting Echo and Ameinias’ advances, both known for their beauty, the Gods were furious. For this, Narcissus fell in love with his own reflection and died before it — sprouting daffodils that bear his name upon his death bed. But there are some who believe this wasn’t the case at all. Instead, Narcissus mourned the loss of his twin sister — the exact mirrored image of himself — and sat gazing at his reflection to see her image once more until he died.

The Flip Side…

Let’s end on a high note — not all superstitions are based on bad luck. In ancient times, metals were precious assets to society and civilization. Metals like copper, bronze and gold were valuable gifts from the gods and therefore held for good luck.

A coin also represents two sides — good and evil. If you’re lucky enough to find a coin head side up, it means good luck (tails up, not so much…But we won’t talk about that).

So, I leave you, dear reader, with the hopes of good fortune and prosperity. Whether you believe in the old wives’ tales, as my mother does, or not, I hope luck finds you on your travels.

Thanks for reading!

Enjoyed this piece? Check out the other Mythology Abroad blogs! They may just bring back your faith in the old Gods!


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Tori Edwards

Tori is a professional writing student from Newfoundland, Canada. When not writing or drawing you might find her listening to rock and roll or summoning the stray cats from the neighborhood like a witch.

To Double-Cross Zeus for the Greater Good

Credit: josh howard/unsplashtorch with flame in the dark

Credit: josh howard/unsplash

torch with flame in the dark

Look around you, wherever you are. What do you see? Pick a few objects that you consider essential for your daily life.

What if I told you that once upon a time, not so long ago, fire was just as essential to humanity?

Fire cooked our food. Fire crafted our weapons, glass and jewellery. Fire kept us warm, lit and safe. And, as long as humans have witnessed its cleansing, purifying, transformative and destructive powers, fire has been present in our mythologies. Simply put, we wouldn’t have made it this far as a species without it, and that is why fire deserves a special place in folklore.

However, this power didn’t come freely. Something as essential, mighty and enduring could only be magical and restricted. For the Ancient Greeks, fire was an entity only worthy of the gods—meagre humans were not learned or civilized enough to wield it.

Today we’ll learn about the hero who gave humanity the gift of fire. Or, in the eyes of Zeus, the trickster thief who stole what wasn’t ever meant for humans to possess.

The Always Benevolent Zeus

credit: johannes plenio/pexelsorange lightning on cloudy landscape

credit: johannes plenio/pexels

orange lightning on cloudy landscape

Think about cruel and unusual punishment. Would a thief deserve it? According to the Ancient Greek gods, Prometheus certainly did.

Prometheus, one of the Titans, was not involved in the Titanomachy (I discussed this briefly in my first blog post), so Zeus didn’t imprison him in Tartarus. Instead, Zeus tasked Prometheus to craft the first humans from clay. As strange as this sounds, Prometheus succeeded, but he also ended up liking humans. In time, Prometheus felt more at home with mortals than among the gods (I wonder why). Then, he decided to steal Zeus’s fire for humans. Fire had been only accessible to the gods so far.

Not for much longer, however. Prometheus (a very smart titan whose name means “forethought”) provoked a fight over a golden pear in which he attached the message “for the most beautiful goddess of all.” Knowing that Greek deities are as vain as can be, do you see a problem with that message? Don’t think too long about it!

A squabble ensued, and Prometheus took advantage of the distraction to sneak into Hephaestus’s workshop, where he found the fire. He then proceeded to smuggle it out inside a hollowed pumpkin (other myths say it was a hollowed reed or fennel stalk). He brought it to Earth and gifted it to humans.

It didn’t take Zeus long to notice… Worst of all, this wasn’t the first time Prometheus had deceived him. If you think about it, for Greek deities, a single transgression is (often) one too many. Some would say Prometheus would’ve rather been imprisoned in Tartarus from the beginning knowing what awaited him.

The Actual Punishment

source: wikimedia commons, prometheus bound by thomas cole (1847)painting of prometheus chained to mount caucasus

source: wikimedia commons, prometheus bound by thomas cole (1847)

painting of prometheus chained to mount caucasus

Zeus didn’t do the dirty work himself. After all, Prometheus didn’t quite steal from Zeus directly. Prometheus had instead stolen from Hephaestus, god of fire. Zeus made Hephaestus craft chains with which to bind Prometheus to Mount Caucasus—at the time viewed as the end of the world. Clearly, Zeus didn’t want Prometheus close to him or his property ever again.

Apparently, chaining someone to a faraway mountain isn’t enough of a punishment, so Zeus sent an eagle to eat Prometheus’s liver for all eternity. As an immortal entity, Prometheus could not die. Instead, he would keep suffering forever as the eagle ate his liver every day, only for it to regenerate every night.

Not All Hope is Lost

credit: mike labrum/unsplashgroup of lit candles in the dark

credit: mike labrum/unsplash

group of lit candles in the dark

You might be relieved to know that there is an eventual end to Prometheus’s suffering. Zeus offered to free him in exchange for information regarding a prophecy about his potential dethronement as king of the gods. Prometheus, true to his conviction, refused to tell Zeus.

It was ultimately Hercules, on his way to complete his Twelve Labours, who killed the eagle one day, freeing Prometheus from his daily torment. Zeus (again) wasn’t happy, but if you can’t beat them…

Zeus granted Prometheus his freedom.

Prometheus’s transgressions against Zeus made him a champion for humanity and the creator of human arts and sciences. Fire isn’t nearly as essential to us today as it was for most of humankind’s history. And, you know, we also have lighters and matches now. Nonetheless, from the lens of Ancient Greek mythology, my ability to write this post, your ability to read it and even our very existence are all thanks to Prometheus.

Here’s to a better 2021.

All hail the fire thief!

Read more:

The Myth of Prometheus - The Thief of Fire

Theft of Fire in Different Mythologies


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Raf N.

After finishing a Bachelor of Business Administration and a Graduate Diploma in Digital Marketing, Raf ventured into the exciting world of professional writing. Some of Raf’s interest include travel, photography, history, languages, and dogs.

Queer Mythological Icons

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History is gayer than you think.

And mythology is even gayer than that.

Especially when it comes to shamanistic mythologies. Exploring ancient mythology will open a world of gender-bending, same-sex attraction and a level of queerness even a gay pride parade can’t rival.


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Dragons Love Old Men

Before the influence of Taoism and Confucianism, there was ancient Chinese shamanism. The mythology depicts a slew of spirits changing from one gender to the next based on the sexual preference of the mortal they were trying to seduce. The main characters involved in this hobby were animal spirits. A male deer spirit would transform into a supple female human in order to seduce a young straight man. Most animal spirits would pursue younger targets, male or female. The exception to this was the dragons who exclusively pursued dominant older male partners.


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How Same-Sex Attraction Saved the World

Japanese mythology depicts the story of Amaterasu the goddess of the sun. After a fight with her brother, Amateseru fled to the safety of a dark cave. She took the light of day with her so people were justifiably concerned. The only logical way to save humanity and draw the goddess out of her closet-like cave was to enlist the help of the goddess of dance and humour, Ame No Uzume.

Ame No Uzume went to the mouth of the cave and began to dance. As she danced, she removed her clothes. An entranced Amaterasu slowly walked towards the gyrating goddess and left the cave. While the sun watched the dancing, the townspeople shut the mouth of the cave behind her, and thus sexy dancing saved the world.

It would be interesting to know whether this was plan A or plan B. Maybe they went through a troupe of male strippers before they realized the female goddess was the right bait.


Adam and Steve

In Inuit shamanistic mythology, the first two humans, Aakulujjuusi and Uumarnituq, were both male. I do not know why mythology is obsessed with only two humans starting the human race, but it pops up everywhere, again and again. The two men fell in love and began a sexual relationship. Disproving most sex-ed curriculums, one of the men became pregnant. While no one questioned his ability to get pregnant, the spirits were concerned about his ability to give birth.

The spirits cast a spell on the pregnant man to give him a vagina, not a uterus though because apparently, he already had one of those. And so, the man (most likely with great relief) gave birth to his baby and became the father of humanity.


One of the Best Things You’ll Read Today

Everything else you’ve read so far has been nothing more than an appetizer for the main course of queer mythology that is Louisiana Voodoo.

Imagine a whole group of male spirits whose only job is to smoke cigars, drink rum and dress in women’s clothing. It’s not their only job, but it is a big part of the mythology. Some notable characters include Ghede Nibo, who was at times described as a drag queen and other times as a trans lesbian. He was the protector of people who die young, and he looked fabulous while doing it.

Baron Lundy and Baron Limba are the gay uncles we all wish we had. After falling in love, they decided to open a school dedicated to homoerotic wrestling. The mythology states that engaging in this kind of wrestling was good for the magical abilities.


That Time When Christianity Ruined Everything

I considered, for a moment, not including this part. I almost attempted to keep things fun and celebratory. How fitting, then, that I become a wet blanket by discussing the wettest of blankets: Christianity.

Pre-Christian shamanic mythologies celebrated multiple gender identities/expressions and had deities loving everyone, however they chose. Then, like the angry uncle no one invited to dinner, Christianity showed up and ruined everyone’s fun.

As Christianity spread throughout the world, so did rigid ideas of morality, thanks to the imperialistic lust of England and other European colonialists. Gone were the days that the gods were all androgynous, polyamorous and interesting.

Early Christianity started out by condemning anything but procreative sex. The general attitude towards all sexual acts at the time was that everything was gross and bad, but we still need babies.

The Catholic Church made sure to have strict anti-sodomy laws in place throughout Europe during the Medieval period. Europe used to include England, so when the English set sail for foreign lands, they brought their terrible European laws with them.


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By no means do I think religion is inherently bad, but I do believe that the rise of Christianity and its doctrine of religious conversion negatively affected the worldview on homosexuality and gender identity. And when it comes to mythology, I would rather live in a world where we believe that our gods, as well as ourselves, are free to express gender and love however we so choose.

Make mythology gay again.


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Molly Desson

Molly Desson is a Professional Writing student at Algonquin College. When she’s not busy with coursework, she’s either talking to or about her dog. Some of her non-dog interests include the ancient world, crafts, and being outside.

Here’s the Thing…About Earth Goddesses

Photo By ochir-erdene oyunmedeg on Unsplash

Photo By ochir-erdene oyunmedeg on Unsplash

Have you ever stood outside with your bare feet in the grass, feeling the earth beneath your feet? If not, I highly recommend doing so because it is very therapeutic. But it is also a chance to connect to the natural world. With your toes digging into the soil and the sun warming your face as the wind blows gently through your hair, you can feel one with the earth.

In my final post, I will be sharing the stories of Gaea and Jord. These two have a lot in common. They are both goddesses of nature who are also portrayed as mothers.

Let’s take a look.

Gaea (Greek Mythology)

Gaea, terra-cotta statuette from Tanagra, Greece; in the Musée Borély, Marseille.Giraudon/Art Resource, New York

Gaea, terra-cotta statuette from Tanagra, Greece; in the Musée Borély, Marseille.

Giraudon/Art Resource, New York

Who is Gaea?

In ancient Greece, Gaea is the personification of the Earth in goddess form. It is believed that she was born out if Chaos, who, according to the Ancient Greeks, is the origin of everything. It is the space at the beginning of time, and that is where Gaea comes from. She was the first deity to be born from Chaos after it came into being. After her came Tartarus (the Underworld) and then Eros (Love).

Thus, these four were the first generation of deities.

Gaea bore many children, her first three were: Uranus (the Sky), Ourea (the Mountains), and Pontus (the Sea). She is also the mother of all, including the Titans, the Gigantes (giants), the Erinyes (furies), and the Cyclops. This makes her, for all intents and purposes, a Mother Goddess. From her came all the other aspects of nature who became deities.

She mated with Uranus first and gave birth to eighteen children. Twelve of these children became known as the Titans, three of them were the Cyclopes, and the last three were called the Hecatoncheires. In case you were wondering, the Hecatoncheires are giant creatures whose name means “hundred-handed ones”.

I can’t imagine beings with one hundred hands. They sound like a handful (pun intended). 

She then mated with Pontus and bore five more children.

Each of Gaea’s children went on to have children of their own. These children are the more commonly known deities of the Greek pantheon. So, if you think about it, Gaea truly is the Mother Goddess of all Ancient Greek deities.

I think that is beautiful.

Jord (Norse Mythology)

Mother Earth Photo by Alexander Henning Drachmann

Mother Earth Photo by Alexander Henning Drachmann

Jord is a lesser-known deity. Admittedly it was challenging to find information on her. However, I was determined to learn what I could. The reason I wanted to talk about her is that I have an interest in Norse mythology and was amazed to discover that they—like the Ancient Greeks—have an all-encompassing Earth goddess.

Here is what I found.

Jord is the personification of the Earth, much like Gaea is. She is a goddess and mother to Thor, the God of Thunder (see my post on him here), and one of Odin’s consorts. It is said that she was Odin’s first consort before he married an Aesir goddess. For those who are unfamiliar, the Aesir are the gods who make up the primary pantheon in Norse mythology. Gods like Odin, Frigg, Hother, Thor, Baldr and Týr are a part of the Aesir.

Her name, Jord, comes from Old Norse and means “earth” or “land”. Jord is seldom mentioned in Norse mythology. She can be found in the Prose Edda in a section that reads:

 “The earth was [Odin’s] daughter and his wife. Out of her he begot the first of his sons, that is Asa-Thor”.

Though while she is mentioned, it is not by name.

Despite such little representation, it is believed by some that she is the goddess of the uncivilized, the uncultivated, the wild Earth. Much like Gaea, she is thought to embody the Earth and all life that comes forth from it.

In truth, that is all the information that I have on her. However, you can see how they share certain similarities. For one, they are both considered to be personifications of the Earth. They also embody most, if not all, aspects of nature that comes from this Earth. In a way, even though less is known about Jord, there is something

This is Not the End

Maybe the next time you stand with your feet in the grass, you will feel the embrace of Gaea or Jord. I hope I have inspired you to look at the world a little differently after today. It has been an absolute pleasure to share these ancient myths and stories with you all.

Until we meet again.


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Sarah Clarke

Sarah is a 20-something aspiring author who has a passion for writing. She is also an avid fan of movies, TV shows, video games, and of course, books. Her favourite genres include fantasy, sci-fi, historical fiction, and various others. Why have one favourite when you can have many?

The Cat Who Bites the Strongest

strip of green jungle vegetation

strip of green jungle vegetation

Can you guess which feline has the strongest bite of all? Is it the lion or the cheetah in Africa? The tiger or lynx in Asia? Or Mr. Fluffs purring on your lap as you read this? They’re all beautiful in their own right. But none of the above big (or small) cats have the bite strength of the powerful jaguar—the cat king of the Americas.

The word “jaguar” comes from the Paraguayan Guaraní language and means “he who kills with one blow”.

Many cultures throughout the continent have worshipped the jaguar in different iterations. Most prominently, the jaguar was an important mythological figure in Aztec, Inca and Maya mythology.

Today we’ll explore the jaguar’s role in Mesoamerican mythology.

source: pexels/pixabayclose up of a jaguar’s head in the middle of the jungle

source: pexels/pixabay

close up of a jaguar’s head in the middle of the jungle

But what is Mesoamerica?

Let’s get this question out of the way first. Mesoamerica refers to the part of the American Continent that stretches from central Mexico to roughly Costa Rica.

This area saw a great flourishing of culture and organized civilization between the 1500s BCE and the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores in the 1500s CE. That’s 3,000 years!

Forget Werewolves. Think Were-Jaguars!

One of the earliest representations of the jaguar in Mesoamerica came from the Olmecs (Mexico, 1200-400 BCE), who portrayed the were-jaguar in statues and figurines as a half-man, half-jaguar entity. Archeologists call this the were-jaguar.

The archaeological evidence found so far doesn’t show the jaguar exclusively as an animal. Instead, Olmec art shows human figures with certain feline characteristics or vice versa. The jaguar remains an enigmatic figure in Olmec mythology because there is no clear answer as to its nature or meaning for these early Mesoamericans.

Later Maya and Aztec accounts talk about the power to become half-jaguar and half-human. Both cultures believed that anyone able to accomplish this could act on their most hidden desires. In other words, they could rid themselves of all cultural restrictions and inhibitions and be free to roam the world.

Credit: j’enrike marrokín/unsplashstepped pyramid temple of the great jaguar in tikal, guatemala, surrounded by an archeological area

Credit: j’enrike marrokín/unsplash

stepped pyramid temple of the great jaguar in tikal, guatemala, surrounded by an archeological area

The B’alam

In Maya mythology, the jaguar ruled over the underworld (Xibalbá) and represented the night sun and darkness. Because of this, there are many temples dedicated to the jaguar throughout southern Mexico and Central America. Two notable examples are the Temple of the Great Jaguar in Tikal, Guatemala and the Temple of the Jaguar in Chichén Itzá, Mexico.

High-ranking Maya priests who embodied the jaguar were the only ones allowed to officiate at the most important ceremonies. If these priests or shamans sighted a black jaguar, it was an omen for disaster and catastrophe.

Beyond that, Maya kings often added the word “B’alam” (jaguar in the Mayan language) to their regal name.

The bravest and fiercest Maya soldiers belonged to the order of jaguar warriors. Think of them as the SEALs of Ancient Mesoamerica.

Wearing a jaguar pelt, whether spotted or black, was a symbol of prestige and power reserved only for priests, warriors and kings.

source: wikimedia commons, codex magliabechianodrawing of an aztec jaguar warrior wearing a jaguar attire and feathers

source: wikimedia commons, codex magliabechiano

drawing of an aztec jaguar warrior wearing a jaguar attire and feathers

Tezcatlipoca

Centuries after the Maya, the Aztecs venerated a god called Tezcatlipoca. As one of the main Aztec deities, Tezcatlipoca was the god of the Great Bear constellation (Ursa Major) and the night sky. This god’s animal disguise was the jaguar, whose spotted skin resembled the starry sky at night.

Tezcatlipoca was also a creator god who ruled over the Ocelotl Tonatiuh (Jaguar Sun), which was the first of the four worlds that were created and destroyed before the current universe.  

Like the Maya, the Aztecs also had an elite order of warriors who wore jaguar pelts as their fighting attire. These fearsome warriors had to capture four enemies from battles before they could become a member of the order.

As opposed to the Maya, however, the Aztecs didn’t entirely see the jaguar as a protector or symbol of the elite. Instead, they believed that Tezcatlipoca was the protector of slaves and those who suffered ill-treatment. He rewarded the virtuous with riches and fame while sending sickness or poverty to wrongdoers.

King of the (American) Jungle

credit: ramon vloon/unsplashjaguar lying on top of a rock in the middle of the jungle

credit: ramon vloon/unsplash

jaguar lying on top of a rock in the middle of the jungle

Many jaguar myths and gods extend far beyond Mesoamerica, from cultures ranging from the southern United States all the way to Argentina.

For the American peoples who came before us, the jaguar symbolized the most desirable traits of bravery, righteousness and protection. Sadly, its habitat is quickly diminishing each year—there are only an estimated 15,000 jaguars left in the wild.

With its robust yet agile body, superb tree-climbing abilities and magnificent spotted golden fur pattern, it’s no wonder that this big cat was a central icon in Indigenous American mythology for millennia.

Today, just as back then, the great jaguar remains the true king of the American jungles.

Let’s keep it that way!

Read more:

Jaguars in Mesoamerican Cultures

Aztec Warriors: Rank and Warrior Societies


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Raf N.

After finishing a Bachelor of Business Administration and a Graduate Diploma in Digital Marketing, Raf ventured into the exciting world of professional writing. Some of Raf’s interest include travel, photography, history, languages, and dogs.