Ethel Cain, Preacher's Daughter and The Fact That I’m Literally Just A Girl.

I want to take some time to rave about how I love Ethel Cain and her PHENOMENAL 2022 album, Preacher’s Daughter. It’s helped me accept many parts of myself and face the reality of my own trauma. It’s an album that is overlooked because of its contents and perhaps because of the artist. As a trans woman, Ethel Cane’s target audience is smaller than any of her musical peers and stylistically her music can be strange and isolating.


WARNING: This blog post contains discussion of violence, trauma and sexual abuse


As an album, Preacher’s Daughter excels in creating a strongly relatable narrative of womanhood and trauma. It delivers a large, spacious soundscape, building an aura of unknowing and distance. The music on this album is very sparse and echoed. Even the most straightforward pop-esque track on the album, “American Teenager” is layered with a nostalgic thick reverb. When done wrong, this can come across as annoying, corny or pretentious. But Ethel and her engineers have mastered the effect, creating a unique sound for the album, working in tandem with its themes.


Narratively, the album is a dark tale of womanhood and trauma. Ethel recites the story of a girl growing up in a religious household. She seeks to escape without any real guide on what it means to be a woman. She recounts highschool, lost loves and those who never returned. The first track opens with lyrics about hiding bones, a double entendre about skeletons in your closet and the process of transitioning. The album continues to dance between trauma and transitioning--the battle with one's personal faith and relationship with religion.

As a trans woman who has had her own battles with religion, this is incredibly relatable to me. However, I believe what makes this album so relatable is that even without the personal connection to transition, the themes of womanhood resonate for so many.

The next few tracks set up the world and characters. She ends up falling for a man named Logan in “Western Nights.” He leads her down a dark path, ending up dead in a shootout with police. With Ethel on the run, she has to acknowledge her trauma and the sexual abuse she suffered by her father. The songs “Family Tree” and “Hard Times” deal with this. Lines like “Nine going on Eighteen,” “tell me a story about how it ends where you’re still the good guy,” and “I’m tired of you, still tied to me, too tired to move, too tired to leave,” are haunting yet sadly relatable statements.

Continuing on, we come to understand that these traumatic events are never a singular occurrence. It’s a cycle of abuse. It has set Ethel, and many others, on destructive paths. On “Thoroughfare” she meets a man named Isaiah who she travels the western United States with. 

We see the cycle continue on the following track, “Gibson Girl”. The trauma has affected her so much that she finds herself in a similar situation, seeking validation as a woman, resulting in being sexually exploited.

Immediately, the illusion of seductive energy is violently shattered on “Ptolomea”. To be quite frank, it can be difficult to listen to the pleading of “stop… stop… STOP.” The listener comes face to face with the sexual assault. The song is one I cannot hear. It brings up too many memories and emotions that are impossible for me to deal with.

The rest of the album contains instrumental tracks and closers. They deal with the fatal fallout of her trying to escape Isaiah's abuse. On the penultimate track “Sun Bleached Flies”, Ethel speaks from the afterlife, reminiscing on early memories one last time,”, and how she longs for the simple life. The closing track, and another favourite, “Strangers”, wraps up the album beautifully with Ethel saying goodbye. She claims sympathetically “I tried to be good, am I no good? I just wanted to be yours,” putting a bow on the themes of the album.

I think what takes the album from a good to great is its narrative commentary on how women, especially trans women, crave validation in destructive ways. It’s an album that forces the listener to acknowledge their own past and face the gruesome reality for many women. While it doesn’t often offer solutions to these problems, it’s an important piece for displaying these problems in the first place. Sometimes it’s enough to be heard and recognized. For that I say Preacher’s Daughter is a classic.

Please listen to this album.

For deaf people, music is a feeling

Music is thought of as an auditory experience. We listen to albums, stream singles through our headphones. But how do deaf and hard of hearing (HOH) people experience music?

How music is heard

Photo: loaivit via Pixabay

Hearing people experience music through sound waves. Sound waves are created through an object’s vibration (such as a guitar). When the vibration is fast enough, it reaches their ears and they hear sound. Sounds are experienced at a variety of volumes based on factors such as distance from the sound source and the medium through which the vibration travels (open space versus through a wall).

The ability to hear sounds varies depending on the hearing threshold. Frequencies and volumes are measured to get a range on the decibel hearing loss scale (dBHL). Hearing people typically have a range of 20 dBHL or lower. People with hearing loss experience ranges from 20 to 95 dBHL. 71 dBHL and greater is considered profound hearing loss.

Experiencing music when deaf

So how do deaf people experience music if they cannot experience sound waves? Deaf and HOH people use the same parts of the brain to interpret sound as hearing people; they just use a different process. Sound waves reach the brain by touch instead of by ear. Once the vibration has been felt, the nucleus accumbens, amygdala and sensory cortex help deaf and HOH people process the sound.

The importance of physical sensations for deaf and HOH people means they often listen to music that naturally contains more vibration. Music with heavy bass, such as hip-hop or hard rock, provides a more obvious vibration, making it easier for the brain to interpret.

For people with mild to moderate hearing loss, lower pitches and timbres can still be interpreted by the brain. Timbre is the unique sound quality of a particular source. For example, a C note will sound different on a piano versus a violin. Pitch is sensed based on vibration frequency: low pitch means slower vibrations and vice versa.

Understanding how deaf and HOH people hear differently than hearing people do, is there a way to make music more inclusive? Italian DJ and music producer Francesco Spaggiari thinks there is.

Making music more inclusive

Video: Sub_Bar

Spaggiari is the director of Eufonia. Eufonia describes itself as “investigating & demonstrating connections between sound, art & science….” The organisation aims to use sound as a medium to connect people.  After Eufonia’s first festival in 2019, Spaggiari says he “realized sound wasn’t enough to unite people, because deaf people couldn’t be included.”

Enter Sub_Bar, one of the organisation’s most innovative projects. Hearing, HOH and deaf artists compose music using sub-frequencies instead of sound. Compositions range from 20 hertz to 150 hertz. The music is universally interpreted through physical vibrations. The Sub_Bar project shows its commitment to an inclusive music space in several ways.

Sub_Bar events

Sub_Bar events were the project’s first launch. The events combine the project’s compositions with visual elements to create an immersive experience. Subwoofers (low-frequency speakers) are used to project the vibrations.

The audience at a Sub_Bar event is seated so they can better feel the physical sensation of the sub-frequencies. These innovative, multi-dimensional events create a concert-like experience— only more inclusive.

Sub_Bar Academy

Photo from a Sub_Bar Academy event.

Photo: Sub_Bar

Sub_Bar now also has an academy. Sub_Bar Academy teaches music courses specifically for sub-frequencies. In-person courses run in Berlin, Lisbon and Vienna. They are offered in local sign languages, so they are accessible to deaf and HOH students.

Sub_Bar Academy issues Subpac haptic devices with which the compositions are created. At the end of each course, Sub_Bar Academy puts on a showcase to present their students’ composition. The project says these showcases, “[bring] together diverse talents and [foster] an inclusive community.”

Changing the music scene

With Eufonia’s project Sub_Bar, Spaggiari has successfully created a space in the music world where deaf and HOH people are included from the start of the creative process. Other organizations can look to Sub_Bar’s contribution to music as a jumping off point to create a global music scene that is accessible to deaf and HOH audiences.

At the time of this blog publication, Sub_Bar is only operating in Lisbon, Berlin and Vienna. Eufonia is hoping to expand its projects across Europe. Sub_Bar events and Sub_Bar Academy courses (in-person and online) can be booked through the company’s website, https://www.subbar.net/.


Anna Farinaccio is a Professional Writing student at Algonquin College. Born in Ottawa, Ontario, Anna’s parents raised her on a wide range of music. They taught her about the significant role music plays in society and culture. She grew up pursuing many creative passions, such as dance and theatre. These passions led her to a career in writing. Musicians and their influence inspire Anna everyday. A long-time punk fan, the first song she added to her childhood MP3 player was The Clash’s “Train in Vain.” 

Is Rap Music...Not Music? Here's Why It Is

Rap music is complex, unique and gets your head bopping. However, some believe rap is the lowest form of music. Ben Shapiro, an enthusiast of extreme right-wing ideologies, even qualified rap as not music at all. What a shame. We lose a rich genre when we classify rap as non-music. It is sonically unique and studded with complex literary devices. It doesn’t deserve slander nor the branding.

Rap as Non-Music

Photo: SOlomon Leonard by erin Koo

Shapiro is the poster child for classifying rap as non-music. In Yes, Rap is Music, he echoes a theory from his father that music must have melody, harmony and rhythm. He thinks rap only has one of these components: rhythm. Because it doesn’t have all three, it can’t be considered music. Rap does sound different than most genres, but it doesn’t mean it’s not music at all. Melody and harmony come in all forms, and a less regulated sound doesn’t mean rap lacks these components. Shapiro is not well-versed in the genre. He even said himself—he is only parroting his father, a music theorist. So, although his comments on rap went viral, they hold no merit.

Solomon Leonard of the Oberlin Review expands on Shapiro’s baseless thinking. “Music is not that much different from life. Music is just like any art form, whether it’s visual art or film or dance. It’s a reflection of our lives. And the only requirement is that it has to reflect something about reality.” It is an art form—open to scrutiny, but not dismissal altogether.

History of Hip-Hop

A conversation about rap’s “invalidity” can’t come without a conversation about racism. DJ Kool Herc of Brooklyn, New York is credited with rap’s inception. After DJ’ing for a dance party, other DJs were inspired by his innovation and wanted to outdo him. The rest is history, which you can read here. Unfortunately, prejudices surrounding Black people can contribute to believing rap is not music.

Racism and the Grammys

Photo: interscope records

A pivotal moment highlighting this discrepancy was during the 2014 Grammys, when Macklemore’s album The Heist beat the critically acclaimed good kid, m.A.A.d city from Kendrick Lamar. This was a decisive moment. Lamar is of high profile in the rap world. Macklemore, although talented, does not have the impact that Lamar has. Macklemore himself agreed race played a part, saying in this article, “I do think we have benefited from being white…A song like ‘Thrift Shop’ was safe enough for the kids…and even though I’m cussing…in that song, the fact that I’m a white guy, parents feel safe…And would that success have been the same if I would have been a black dude? I think the answer is ‘No.’” So, Macklemore won because he’s more palatable to mainstream audiences as a white person. As an artist, he simply does not have the elevated writing skill to create vivid rap songs.

Literary Devices in Rap

Rap artists have long made use of literary and narrative devices in their songs, such as double entendres and imagery. Jay-Z has many double and even triple entendres in his song. They are a difficult device to understand, let alone write in a rhythmic fashion. An example is, “survive the drought, I wish you well,” in Jay-Z’s song, “American Dreamin.’” Clever, as it wishes the recipient a fond farewell and plays on the word drought, as in a water well.

Imagery is used in rap music, too. A searing example is Kendrick Lamar’s song, “Fear.” In it, he raps a vivid scene of lower-class black childhood. “I beat yo’ ass keep talking back, I beat yo' ass, who bought you that?...That pizza better not be wasted, you eat it all, that TV better not be loud if you got it on, them Jordans better not get dirty when I just bought 'em, better not hear 'bout you humpin’ on Keisha's daughter.” These lyrics paint an intense scene of Lamar’s childhood. To boot, it also rhymes and flows with striking severity. Rhyme and flow are a signature of rap. Most importantly, they’re a signature of music in general.

Rap as Music

Music spans many genres and sounds and should absolutely make space for rap. Anyone who believes otherwise is simply ignorant. A unique sound played on the backdrop of rich Black culture, it doesn’t deserve to be overlooked as a genre of music. Funk, soul and jazz music might get your body moving, but it’s rap that will keep your head bopping, too. Don’t let prejudices and misunderstandings keep you from dismissing a great genre of music.

https://thefederalist.com/2019/09/18/yes-rap-is-music/

https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/white-hip-hop-artists-navigate-line-art-cultural/story?id=101550759

 https://www.kennedy-center.org/education/resources-for-educators/classroom-resources/media-and-interactives/media/hip-hop/hip-hop-a-culture-of-vision-and-voice/

https://oberlinreview.org/26012/opinions/debates-around-rap-musics-validity-rooted-in-racism/

https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/la-et-ms-grammys-2014-macklemore-agrees-kendrick-lamar-should-have-won-20140127-story.html


Lashanda Forsberg is a student of Professional Writing at Algonquin College. When she isn’t curled up with a book or going down a YouTube rabbit hole, she has music playing. From r&b to reggae to rap, music is an important part of Lashanda’s life. Coming from a musical family chock full of guitarists and songwriters helps Lashanda relate to and appreciate music. Find her other blog writings at lashandaforsberg.com or read her poetry on instagram @writingsfromsaturn.

Alice Phoebe Lou: Emotional Expression Through Music

Emotions have always had a place in the arts, specifically in music. Music universally expresses a variety of emotions, positive, negative, and everything in between. Remember that time you found a song where you related to each lyric so much that you thought the artist must be inside your brain?

These experiences mean a lot, especially when related to common struggles like grief, change, love and other human experiences. It makes you feel connected to the artist and less alone in your thoughts and feelings. It can even give you a new perspective on these situations. The shared experiences of being alive as humans connects us to each other, and putting those experiences into music that can be shared as well is meaningful to individuals.

“glow” album cover via independent artists management

I’m going to talk about two of Alice Phoebe Lou’s songs and how the emotions behind them bring layers of beauty to the meaning. In the song “Glow,” Alice sings about the abstract feeling of loving oneself amidst the loss of a relationship. She starts the song off by singing, “I dance with myself/ Like there is nobody else in the world.” This gives the listener a feeling of self-love. She immediately follows this lyric up with “I fall to the floor/ And I fill the whole room with salty tears,” which gives us the idea she’s upset. So, what is she feeling?

She goes back and forth between positive and negative emotions in the first verse, continuing this trend in the chorus with the lyrics, “I swim out the window/ And into the night/ I am smiling, I am screaming/ I am glowing from inside/ Do I dare to feel this feeling?” These lyrics, in my opinion, embody the back-and-forth feelings associated with grieving. Though she is sad, she is also celebrating the reunion of herself with her feelings. Though there could have been positive emotions associated with the subject of this song, there is also a clear feeling of relief and lightness within the lyrics, her tone of voice and the melody.

Despite her sadness, she recognizes this as an opportunity to love herself. As she says in the next verse, “I squeeze a little tighter/ And suddenly I’m holding my own body/ There’s an empty space where you once offered yourself to me.” She then ends the song with a verse on her mother and the things she does for Alice. “My mom knows I’ll be alright/ But she’ll be glad I’m home/ She’s always casting spells for me/ Keeping guard for me/ Working hard for me.” She then closes the song with the chorus again, leaving the listener with the thought of gratitude and safety.

“shelter” Album cover via independent artists management

In the song “Open My Door,” Alice sings about a clearer version of self-love. She opens the song with “I used to open my door to pretty much anyone who was tryna look for a place to feel safe/ But I made my whole world safer for everyone but me.” These lyrics speak of the habit Alice has made of allowing people to push her boundaries and prioritize the well-being of others over herself. She follows this up with “So, I took my bones, and I called them my own/ And I found a place inside that’s safe for me/ And now I wander the world alone but alive/ Smiling on the inside.”

Alice talks about taking initiative to solidify her own boundaries and distance herself from those who could be detrimental to her mental health. The melody of the song stays slow and airy, giving it a hopeful sting. She repeats a lyric from her song “Glow,” singing again “Smiling on the inside.” She finishes the song with a call to the present, saying, “I’m back on land, welcome to your life, Alice.”

alice phoebe lou via andrea rojas

I’m sure someone reading this can relate to what Alice Phoebe Lou has written about. I’m sure that if you don’t relate to these songs, there are other ones out there that you can relate to. The vocalization of the feelings you yourself have felt, the connection to not only the human who made the song but other humans who find that same solace in listening, the deep understanding of your emotions as part of a bigger ecosystem, the ecosystem of humans. All of these are ideas that are brought up when listening to emotional music. The lyrics, rhythm, and instruments used all contribute to a spiritual listening experience.


Willow loves creativity. She can be very quiet sometimes. She can also get annoying with her weird tangents, but sometimes they’re interesting. She likes to relax, and play The Sims. She goes to Algonquin College currently in the Professional Writing program. She suffers part-time working hard at an unnamed restaurant. She enjoys crafts, artistic activities, listening to music, and hanging out with friends. She also loves therapy. That picture is not her.